Descriptions of 55 gallon drums, their uses, and a list of leading manufacturers
55 gallon drums are cylindrical storage containers manufactured from materials like steel, stainless steel, and a variety of plastics. They serve as versatile containers suitable for numerous purposes, such as rainwater collection as rain barrels, burn barrels, wood smoking, and composting. Although capable of holding a broad array of substances, the specific materials compatible with a 55 gallon drum depend on its construction. Common contents stored or shipped in these drums encompass various liquids, paints, chemicals, powders, granule mixtures, and food ingredients.
The widespread use of 55 gallon drums is attributed to their substantial capacity of 55 gallons, which is equivalent to 208.2 liters. These drums were first developed following the discovery of oil when there was a need for a reliable transport vessel capable of carrying large quantities of oil. Initial wooden barrels were prone to leaks and instability, whereas the design of the 55 gallon drum provided the ideal capacity and stability for crude oil transportation due to its easy handling and robustness.
Originally designed for oil storage, the application of 55 gallon drums has grown significantly into various shipping uses. The traditional steel used to construct these drums has largely been replaced by plastic and fiber materials, suitable for lighter contents like granules, powders, and condiments. In the modern era, 55 gallon drums are crafted from lasting and durable materials intended to withstand the rigorous conditions associated with material transport.
All 55 gallon drums share uniform dimensions, standing 34 inches (86 cm) high with a diameter of 24 inches (61 cm), dimensions consistent across both plastic and metal variants. Typically, bungs on these drums measure 2 inches (5.08 cm) in diameter. The weight of an empty steel drum ranges from 38 to 42 pounds (17 to 19 kg), with the filled weight varying based on the density and type of the contents.
The terms "barrel" and "drum" are often used interchangeably due to their similar functionalities, yet there are notable distinctions between them. Traditionally, a barrel is envisioned as a cylindrical container wider in the middle than at the ends. This term is historically connected to alcohol production and oil pricing. Traditional barrels are made of wooden staves, sealed at seams, and fitted with a lid and base. Both barrels and drums can be fabricated as open-head or closed-head, with closed-head designs being more prevalent.
Unlike barrels which fit standard definitions, drums come in a diverse assortment of sizes and are manufactured from an array of materials including plastics, paper, steel, and aluminum. Their name derives from their resemblance to musical percussion instruments. All drums maintain straight sides and solid bottoms, with options for tightly sealed tops or removable lids. While traditional barrels are primarily used for liquid transport, a wide variety of drums is available for handling nearly any type of liquid or solid.
The primary uses for 55 gallon drums are industrial storage and shipping of a wide range of materials. Thanks to their durable construction, optimal size, efficient configuration, and portability, these industrial barrels are essential containers for logistics, inventory management, and secure transportation. Whether open-head or closed-head, both drum types are engineered to keep contents securely sealed, preventing leaks and contamination. With open-head drums, a reinforced metal band or clamp ring encircles the top, ensuring a tight seal to avoid spillage during handling or shipping. Closed-head 55 gallon drums — often referred to as "tight head" drums — feature permanent, non-removable tops and are equipped with bung openings for loading and unloading. These containers are extensively used for storing and transporting liquids, chemicals, powders, oils, and fine grains, fulfilling diverse user needs across multiple industries.
Over the 120 years since their introduction, 55 gallon drums (also known as steel drums or barrels) have evolved from a solution for petroleum shipping into indispensable assets in manufacturing, food processing, pharmaceuticals, hazardous material handling, and even emergency preparedness. Their adaptability, strength, and cost-effectiveness have made the 55 gallon drum a foundational container relied upon in countless industries. From bakeries and assembly operations to warehouses, agricultural settings, and chemical plants, these heavy-duty barrels contribute to safe, efficient storage and bulk transportation solutions. The reliability of these drums has made their use almost ubiquitous – with many businesses taking for granted their dependable containment and safety features, such as UN/DOT certification for hazardous materials transport and easy integration into various drum handling equipment and systems.
The diverse range of storage drums initially used for crude oil posed challenges due to non-standardized sizes and inconsistent volume measurements. To address this, the American Petroleum Institute (API) established the 55 gallon steel drum as the industry standard. This uniformity streamlines inventory control, optimizes stacking and storage, and standardizes how oil volumes are measured and billed throughout the supply chain. Steel 55 gallon drums are engineered for superior resistance to environmental factors, providing secure containment for petroleum products such as fuel oil, lubricants, solvents, and petrochemicals.
Although advancements in the oil and gas industry, including pipelines, tanker trucks, and oil shipping vessels, have reduced direct drum use for large-scale transport, 55 gallon steel drums remain crucial for distributing petroleum-based products and specialty oils. Furthermore, the drum remains the globally recognized unit for referencing crude oil prices and shipping quantities. These robust steel barrels are still commonly found at oil refineries, terminals, and end-user facilities, used for product transfer, sampling, emergency response, or transport of specialty blends and lubricants.
For a 55 gallon drum to be applied in food-grade storage, it must comply with stringent FDA food safety standards. This includes approved resins for food-grade plastic drums (such as high-density polyethylene, or HDPE), as well as proper linings and unreactive materials for stainless steel and carbon steel food drums. Any container that comes in contact with consumables must undergo rigorous inspection and approval to prevent contamination, preserve ingredient quality, and meet supply chain safety requirements.
Open-head polyethylene 55 gallon drums are widely favored for bulk ingredient storage due to their sanitary nonporous interiors and exceptional chemical resistance. Commonly stored food products include grains, flour, beans, sugar, rice, salt, syrups, cooking oils, and various powdered ingredients. By following strict inventory rotation and cleaning protocols, food industry professionals ensure product freshness and minimize contamination risk. Food-grade 55 gallon drums can also feature tamper-evident lids and anti-corrosion linings for sensitive or acidic ingredients.
Besides HDPE food barrels, both stainless steel drums and epoxy-lined carbon steel varieties are utilized for storing and shipping foods in compliance with food contact regulations. Bulk food processors, beverage producers, and ingredient suppliers depend on these drums when transporting edible products to factories, distributors, or commercial kitchens. Their design facilitates easy cleaning, stackability, and secure palletization during warehouse storage and freight shipping, helping maintain food safety and supply chain efficiency.
Within the pharmaceutical industry, 55 gallon drums are essential for adhering to Current Good Manufacturing Practice (CGMP) regulations as enforced by the FDA. These standards help pharmaceutical manufacturers ensure product integrity, purity, and safety. Pharmaceutical-grade drums are produced in compliance with FDA requirements, utilizing materials that are inert, non-leaching, and easily sanitized — such as pharmaceutical stainless steel barrels and select FDA-approved HDPE drums.
These drums serve as secure storage and transport solutions for raw materials, active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs), excipients, solvents, and chemical intermediates. Their robust design and specialized linings safeguard contents against contamination, chemical instability, and exposure to environmental hazards. Drums used in pharmaceutical manufacturing often feature certifications such as UN/DOT rating for hazardous materials and traceability for compliance audits.
Because pharmaceutical manufacturing may involve the storage and handling of hazardous, volatile, or sensitive substances, extra attention is paid to drum selection, inspection, and documentation. These containers must be highly durable, corrosion-resistant, and compliant with evolving regulatory standards. Additionally, containment systems such as closed-head drums with tamper-proof seals and easy-access dispensing bungs are selected to optimize both workplace safety and quality assurance procedures.
The chemical industry depends heavily on industrial-grade 55 gallon drums for the safe storage, transport, and disposal of chemical substances and hazardous materials. OSHA and EPA regulations mandate the use of approved, properly labeled containers to minimize risks during handling and prevent environmental contamination. The type of drum required depends on the chemical's properties, including reactivity, toxicity, and corrosiveness.
Stainless steel 55 gallon drums, cold-rolled steel drums, coated carbon steel, and high-density plastic barrels (such as blue HDPE drums or blue barrels) are used to store everything from solvents and acids to bases, oxidizers, flammable liquids, and granular additives. For aggressive or highly reactive chemicals, manufacturers select drums that will not interact chemically or pose a risk of leakage.
Many chemical drums are UN-certified to ensure compliance for hazardous materials transport. Blue plastic 55 gallon drums, in particular, are chosen for storing caustic, acidic, or water-based chemicals because of their exceptional chemical resistance and visibility. Steel drums with anti-corrosion linings are reserved for certain volatile or flammable materials, while FDA-approved variants support applications that overlap with food or pharmaceutical requirements. Industrial drum handling solutions, such as drum pumps, dollies, and containment pallets, further support worker safety and regulatory compliance during chemical storage and logistics operations.
Waste disposal drums are indispensable for the safe transportation, storage, and management of waste materials across industrial, medical, and agricultural sectors. The term "waste disposal" encompasses a broad array of substances — including hazardous waste, contaminated liquids, bulk powders, sludges, and even radioactive materials. Compliance with Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) regulations is non-negotiable, and drums used for waste containment must pass rigorous testing for leak resistance, durability, and label traceability.
Both open-head and closed-head 55 gallon drums are used for segregating and managing waste based on the material's physical and chemical characteristics. Specialized waste management companies provide drum solutions that meet stringent EPA and DOT guidelines for hazardous waste storage, transportation, and disposal. Their services often include drum pickup, environmental testing, labeling, and safe documentation, helping businesses adhere to key regulatory frameworks and environmental best practices.
Once collected, filled drums undergo waste characterization testing to determine toxicity levels and the appropriate disposal method. The relative toxicity decides whether the contents are earmarked for landfill, incineration, recycling, or specialized hazardous waste processing. Hospitals, laboratories, manufacturers, and farms rely on these industry-leading waste drum providers to maintain health, workplace safety, and environmental responsibility.
When searching for 55 gallon drums for sale, it's crucial to consider your intended application, product compatibility, and regulatory requirements. Key factors in selecting the appropriate drum include material type (steel, HDPE plastic, stainless steel), head configuration (open-head vs. closed-head), UN or DOT certification for hazardous goods, and whether food-grade or pharmaceutical compliance is needed. Inspect available options for features such as tamper-evident seals, corrosion-resistant linings, reconditioned (‘reco’) or new drum condition, and compatibility with your chosen drum accessories (pumps, valves, liners, palletizing systems).
Businesses and individuals commonly evaluate drums based on environmental factors, cost, reusability, and recycling options. Reconditioned 55 gallon drums offer a sustainable and economical choice for non-critical applications, while new drums are recommended for high-purity or regulatory-sensitive uses. For safe purchase, source your drums from reputable 55 gallon drum manufacturers or certified suppliers who meet industry standards and provide detailed product specifications and documentation. Comprehensive comparison of suppliers — including reviews, delivery services, and support — helps ensure you choose the right industrial container for your storage, shipping, processing, or waste management needs.
Referred to as an industrial workhorse, 55 gallon drums are essential containers used across a wide range of industries for bulk storage, transportation, and safe handling of liquids, solids, and hazardous materials. The primary materials used in manufacturing 55 gallon drums are plastic, steel (including both stainless steel and carbon steel), and fiber. These materials are specifically selected due to their durability, chemical resistance, strength, and suitability for diverse applications in industrial, commercial, and food-grade environments. For most users, 55 gallon drums are recognized by their robust construction, especially when made from stainless and carbon steel, which set the industry standard. Over the years, innovations in drum fabrication techniques and materials have enabled manufacturers to provide a broader spectrum of structural designs, including UN-certified drums for hazardous material transport, food-safe plastic drums for the food & beverage industry, and efficient fiber drums for cost-sensitive applications.
The history of the 55 gallon drum dates back to the early 20th century when the oil industry sought large-capacity shipping solutions. The first drums were constructed from metal and often suffered from leaking and inadequate seam sealing, as early manufacturing processes lacked today’s precision. This evolving legacy drives continuous improvements in industrial drum standards, ensuring safe and reliable packaging solutions for chemicals, petroleum products, pharmaceuticals, food ingredients, and other bulk commodities. Modern 55 gallon drums are designed and engineered according to stringent ISO and UN regulations to guarantee containment integrity and environmental safety.
The selection of drum material today is based on the intended use case: fiber drums are preferred for dry powders and granular materials, while plastic drums, stainless steel drums, and carbon steel drums are utilized for a variety of liquid, corrosive, and hazardous material transport and storage needs. Each material provides unique storage, disposal, and recycling advantages, supporting applications in chemical processing, pharmaceuticals, agriculture, waste management, food processing, and other commercial and industrial markets.
Stainless steel grades that are used to produce 55 gallon drums are types 304, 316, and 409. The use of stainless steel is due to its corrosion resistance, tensile strength, long-term durability, and reusability. Stainless steel drums are ideal for storing and transporting solutions, chemical compounds, hazardous substances, pharmaceuticals, food products, and any materials requiring purity and sanitation. Even though stainless steel drums generally have a higher upfront cost than other drum types, their longevity, ease of cleaning, and reconditioning potential can result in significant lifecycle cost savings for businesses requiring reusable containers.
Of the various grades and types of stainless steel, type 304, with a chromium and nickel content and low carbon content, is the most versatile and widely used. It is easy to fabricate, clean, and prevents and protects products from contamination. Type 304’s resistance to corrosion is due to its high chromium content at 18%. Type 316 offers enhanced resistance against aggressive chemicals and saline solutions, making it a preferred choice for the pharmaceutical, biotech, and food processing industries where product integrity and compliance with sanitary regulations are critical. Stainless steel drums are UN/DOT approved for hazardous materials and comply with FDA and USDA standards for food contact.
As technology and manufacturing methods have progressed, plastic 55 gallon drums have largely supplemented and, in some sectors, replaced stainless steel and carbon steel drums as versatile containers for transporting and storing liquids, chemicals, powders, and food-grade ingredients. Plastic 55 gallon drums, also referred to as poly drums, are manufactured from various types of industrial plastics, including linear low density polyethylene (LLDPE), low density polyethylene (LDPE), high density polyethylene (HDPE), and polyvinyl chloride (PVC). HDPE drums, in particular, are valued for their exceptional strength-to-weight ratio, chemical resistance, and ability to withstand impacts and environmental stressors.
Plastics are inherently lightweight, flexible, and resistant to the effects of solvents, diluted acids, alkalis, alcohol, and other aggressive chemicals. This makes them ideal for the safe storage and transportation of a wide range of substances, including hazardous chemicals (subject to proper UN certification), detergents, pharmaceutical ingredients, and industrial liquids. Plastic 55 gallon drums are also preferred for food-grade applications, as they can be manufactured to meet FDA and USDA criteria for the safe handling of edible goods. Their seamless construction minimizes the risk of leaks or contamination.
Additionally, poly drums support sustainability initiatives through recyclability and potential for multiple reuses in closed-loop systems. Their durability and cost-effectiveness make them the drum of choice for markets where contamination, cost, and operational efficiency are primary concerns. Drum designs include both open-head (removable lid) and closed-head (tight head) models, allowing for versatility in filling, dispensing, and bulk material handling operations.
Carbon steel is a primary material used for heavy-duty 55 gallon drums, especially when storing or transporting hazardous materials, chemicals, and oils. Carbon steel drums provide superior mechanical strength and impact resistance, making them a trusted choice for packaging flammable, combustible, or toxic substances. The robust exterior of carbon steel drums easily meets the requirements of the United Nations (UN) packaging certification, as well as strict DOT and OSHA safety regulations, allowing these drums to be utilized in global supply chains for regulated waste, hazardous chemicals, paints, and coatings.
A UN rating includes a set of strict guidelines for industrial packaging as well as a set of safety standards, which are applied to all forms of 55 gallon drums. Carbon steel drums are suitable for both closed-head (liquid-tight) and open-head (removable lid) configurations, supporting applications ranging from hazardous waste disposal to lubricants and specialty chemicals. Notably, carbon steel’s high tensile strength and rigidity ensure structural integrity during transport and storage, while the ability to recondition and recycle carbon steel drums supports environmental stewardship across industrial and commercial drum lifecycle management.
Fiber 55 gallon drums are a unique, cost-effective alternative for storing and transporting dry products, powders, and lightweight bulk materials. These drums are constructed using multiple layers of high-strength kraft paper, which are wound and bonded to form a rigid cylindrical body, often with a moisture-resistant lining for added protection. Open head designs with removable tops and bottoms streamline filling, dispensing, and stacking in warehouse and logistics operations.
Although they lack the strength and chemical resistance of steel or plastic drums, fiber drums remain widely used for shipping and storing non-hazardous dry goods, pharmaceutical tablets, food ingredients, agricultural commodities, adhesives, and other products not subject to corrosive or caustic exposure. Fiber drums are valued for being lightweight, which reduces shipping costs and enhances ease of handling. These drums typically have customizable wall thicknesses based on application requirements, and are offered in a variety of diameters and heights to accommodate specific bulk storage needs.
Fiberboard construction supports both cost savings and sustainability, as fiber drums are recyclable and can be reprocessed into new paper products, minimizing landfill use. Their foldability, rigidity, and grammage (250 g/m²) deliver a balance of physical protection and adaptability for diverse manufacturing and distribution environments. However, they are not recommended for storing liquids, chemicals, or hazardous substances due to reduced structural integrity under exposure to moisture.
The standard 55 gallon drum ,with the proper dimensions, size and shape, is manufactured from various types of materials, which depend on how the drum will be used. Stressful, hazardous, and demanding conditions require sturdier and more durable materials than conditions such as kitchens, warehouses, and open environments. Although there are manufacturers that specialize in highly durable 55 gallon drums for hazardous conditions, all manufacturers provide their clients with all the information necessary to assist and select the material for a 55 gallon drum that fits a client’s application.
Since 55 gallon drums are made from different types of materials, the manufacturing process varies in accordance with the material being used to produce the drum. Metal drums are made from coils that are curled, rolled, and resistance welded along their seam. The two forms used to manufacture plastic drums are blow molding and rotational molding, processes that involve large complex pieces of equipment. Drums made from fiberboard involve gluing multiple layers of paper to produce a solid cylindrical form.
The process for the manufacture of steel 55 gallon drums is rather simple but involves several steps. All steel drums begin as a roll of coiled steel that has been produced and shipped in large rolls that are formed from molten metal that has been rolled and annealed into thin metal sheets. As the metal cools, it is rolled into large rolls.
The first step in the manufacture of 55 gallon drums is the shaping of the bottoms and tops of the drums. The rolled sheets of steel are fed into a punch press that cuts and forms the bottoms of the drums. The die that is used to form the bottom of the drum creates the edge that will secure the bottom to the body of the drum. Unlike the top of a 55 gallon drum, the bottom is a solid round piece of steel that will be tightly sealed. Once the round pieces are punched, they are coated with a sealant, which is applied to avoid leaks.
The process for forming the tops for drums is the same as that which is used to shape the bottom of the drums. The forming of the top of a 55 gallon drum can be for an open head or closed head drum with each form having bung holes. The two bungs are two inches each with one bung being for emptying the drum while the other is to release air pressure. As with the bottom of the drum, a set of rollers turns up the edges of the top to connect it to the body of the drum. The edges of the tops and bottoms of 55 gallon drums are chimed to form a seven layer seal that is inspected by applying pressurized air to the drum.
In order to seal a 55 gallon drum, the bung holes have to have threaded fittings applied. As with the punch press process, the lid of the drum passes through a press that applies the fittings to both of the bung holes. Open and closing fittings are larger than the vent fitting. They are positioned directly across from each other and placed such that the vent bung hole will not interfere with the emptying bung hole. Although both fittings are not required for open head drums, they are still inserted.
As with all forms of 55 gallon drums, the thickness of the material for forming the body of the drum is checked to ensure that it meets the requirements necessary for the substances the drum will hold. The higher the gauge and thickness of the steel, the sturdier and more resilient the drum will be. The gauges of steel for 55 gallon drums range from 24 up to 16 with thicknesses of 0.6 mm up to 1.5 mm (0.0236 in up to 0.059 in). Only the thickest drums receive a UN rating and have a thickness of 0.9 mm up to 1.5 mm (0.0354 in up to 0.059 in).
Once the tops and bottoms are properly formed and the gauge and thickness of the steel is determined, a section of the coiled steel is sliced by a shear to the required size for shaping the body of the drum. To form the body, the piece of steel is subjected to curling rollers that press against the sheet of steel to create a tubular shape. An integral part of the process is the welding of the tubular shape to form a solid cylinder. As the tubes move from the curling process, they enter an electric resistance welder that seals and welds the tubes to form solid cylinders. The heat from the welder bonds the outside and inside of the seam to form a tight secure seal.
The fully formed cylinders move on to the flanger that stretches and presses both ends of the cylinder on the outer rims to create a lip for securing the top and bottom of the drum. As with all aspects of the process, flanging is an essential part of ensuring that a 55 gallon drum is tightly sealed when the top and bottom are connected.
The flanged and welded drum body moves on to the beater, which forms rolling hoops on the drum. As with the supports for buildings, the rolling hoops add rigidity and support to the body of the drop and provide extra strength to withstand impacts during a drum’s use. The rolling hoops resemble bumps or outward stretching grooves that are placed near the middle of the drum.
The final step in the process is assembling and uniting the body, top, and bottom to form a 55 gallon drum. A conveyor places the drum top on the body of the drum. The body of the drum is spun as rollers curl the edges of the top and body together to form a tight and secure seal with an interlocking seam referred to as a chime. This process is used to form closed head drums. Once the chime is formed, another roller flattens it. The bottom of the drum is connected to the drum by forming a second chime such that the top and bottom of the drum are tightly and securely sealed without needing to be welded. The interlocking chimes have seven layers of steel that make the connections between the tops and bottoms leak proof. With open head drums, the bottom of the drum is chimed while the top is not but is sealed with straps or rings, which come with various closing mechanisms.
The factor that distinguishes 55 gallon drums from all other forms of containers is their tight seal. This is especially important when a drum will be used for transporting or storing hazardous, toxic, or other dangerous materials. The testing process involves the application of forced air under pressure to the interior of the closed drum. If there is a leak, a seam will bubble highlighting any problem.
The traditional color for 55 gallon drums is black. In the modern era, a wide variety of colors are available such as white, gray, medium and dark blue, yellow, red, and green. Manufacturers also offer custom colors to meet the requirements of their customers. The painting process involves placing the completed drum on a rotating surface where drums are rapidly rotated as paint is sprayed on the exterior surface of the drums. Aside from giving the drums a pleasing appearance, the paint provides another level of protection. To solidify the paint, the drums pass through a furnace that bakes the paint onto the drum’s surface.
There are various methods used to line 55 gallon drums. One of the more secure methods is spraying the interior of the drum as part of the spray painting process using a spray nozzle that is positioned inside the drum that applies a protective coating. When the drum passes through the oven to dry the exterior painting, the interior coating dries, solidifies, and further seals the interior of the drum. In place of coating the interior of the drum, rust inhibitors are used, which prevent the drum from rusting and is applied as a thin film.
Epoxy Phenolic linings are a resin lining that comes in different formulations to achieve a specific flexibility and resistance. This type of lining provides chemical resistance at pH levels that range between 7.0 and 9.0. The use of epoxy phenolic linings is for storing hazardous materials such as acids, detergents, chemicals, resins, surfactants, and emulsions.
Drum liners come in a wide variety of shapes and sizes. They are made of a variety of materials including LDPE plastic, HDPE plastic, and foil. Drum liners are used to prevent cross contamination and make removing the contents of a drum without leaving any residue. The materials used to make drum liners makes them strong, flexible, and resilient enabling them to endure the stress of their use. The main types of drum liners are anti-static, flat bottomed, pleated, round bottomed, and straight sided. They come in different thicknesses, which vary from 4 mil up to heavy duty 30 mil.
The processes for the manufacture of plastic 55 gallon drums do not involve as many steps that are necessary to produce metal 55 gallon drums but do involve huge pieces of equipment that mold, shape, and form 55 gallon drums with varying wall thicknesses. There are several methods used to manufacture plastic products, which involve the use of molds of varying sizes and types. Although all the methods can produce a wide variety of products, they are not capable of producing plastic items that are multiple feet high and why. The two methods that are used to produce larger plastic products are blow molding and rotational molding.
Both methods used for 55 gallon drum manufacturing use molds that are large enough and precise enough to produce highly durable 55 gallon drums. The difference between the processes is their methodology with one method using bursts of air to force the plastic material against the walls of the mold while the other method uses circular motion and rotation. The types of plastics used for both methods are the same in regard to strength, durability, and toughness, factors that are tested once a mold is formed and cooled.
Blow molding is a process that is similar to glass blowing where a craftsman blows into molten glass to shape bottles and glass containers. In the case of blow molding plastic, the craftsman has been replaced by compressed air that blows puffs of air into a parison heated and formed by an extruder. The process of blow molding involves the use of a horizontal mold that has the dimension of a 55 gallon drum. The parison, under the pressure of the compressed air, expands in the mold and is forced against the sides of the mold. Although blow molding is used to form 55 gallon drums, it is also used for a wide range of very large products.
Blow molding forms seamless, solid, single piece drums that do not require sealing and eliminates weak corners that are susceptible to cracking. There is an endless number of sizes and shapes that can be produced using blow molding. The raw materials for blow molding are thermoplastics such as acetal, polyamide, polystyrene, polyvinyl chloride, low or high density polycarbonate, and polypropylene.
The forms of blow molding are defined by how the parison is produced and includes extrusion, injection, and injection stretch. In all cases, plastic resin or pellets are melted to be blown into the mold in the form of a parison that looks like a long plastic tube with a hole in one end. The forming of the parison is critical in determining the thickness of a 55 gallon.
The melted plastic parison can enter the mold from the bottom or top of the mold. In either case, the melted plastic parison is ejected by an extruder and blown upward or downward into the mold where pressurized air expands the parison and forces it against the sides of the mold. Regardless of the method used to insert the parison, compressed air expands it until the plastic material is tightly pressed against the walls of the mold where it remains until it cools and can be removed.
Rotational molding, also known as roto molding, roto casting, and roto mold, involves a large mold and a rotational mechanism that carries the materials to form a 55 gallon drum through four stages. Unlike blow molding that creates a parison, rotational molding places unheated dry resin powder in the mold to initiate the process. As with blow molding, once the resin is placed in the mold, the mold is tightly sealed. The rotation process involves a rotational arm that securely holds the mold and is capable of rotating the mold along two axes to evenly spread the resin over the walls of the mold.
The next step of rotational molding involves heating and rotating the mold, which occur simultaneously. The mechanism that holds the mold rotates it as it moves through a heating chamber. The rotation process involves rotating the mold along two axes in order to spread the resin evenly as it melts. The rotating process continues as the mold is moved from the heating chamber into the cooling chamber, where the formed plastic solidifies and cools.
When the mold exits the cooling chamber, it is removed from the mold, and the process repeats. The popularity of rotational molding is due to its exceptional dimensional accuracy. A drawback is the hours it takes for each 55 gallon drum to form. Although the equipment is more expensive than other molding processes and the process takes longer, the dimensional accuracy and tolerances of the drums makes it less expensive.
The three layers of a fiber drum are the outer layer or skin, inner layer or liners, and barriers that are buried between laminations of the wound paper. The main construction material for fiber drums is kraft paper that is shipped to manufacturers in large rolls that are similar to the rolls of stainless steel used for metal 55 gallon drums.
The construction process for manufacturing fiber drums begins with the kraft paper being pulled from a winder to a mandrel that has the diameter of a 55 gallon drum. As the paper moves from the winder to the mandrel it is coated with a polyurethane adhesive that creates a strong durable elastic seal across the substrate. The liner for the drum is placed on the mandrel prior to the arrival of the kraft paper winding. As the mandrel turns and the shape of the drum forms, the barrier is inserted.
The application of the kraft paper to the mandrel creates a long tightly sealed paper tube. Unlike the manufacturing of plastic and metal 55 gallon drums, fiber drums begin as a long tube that makes up multiple drums. The process is designed for efficiency and ensures that the drums are tightly sealed. Of the three drum manufacturing processes, the winding on a mandrel method is referred to as the lock rim process due to chiming at the bottom and top of the drum.
Once the glue of the long tube has dried, it is cut into 55 gallon lengths and trimmed to make the bottoms and tops smooth for the installation of the chimes, which will secure the tops and bottoms to the drum tube. The connecting of the chimes to the top and bottom of the drum is automatically completed by a set of rollers. The metal rings for the chiming are attached to the drum and processed by a set of rollers that seal them to the fiber tube. The process is completed quickly and can seal multiple drums in a short period of time.
The bottom chimes are crimped to connect them to the base of the drum to make them secure and strong. The chiming of the bottom is designed to seal the drum to prevent leakage. The top chime is crimped to secure it to the body of the drum but is not sealed to leave room for the drum’s cover.
Like open head metal and plastic drums, the lids for fiber drums are attached using a lockband made of metal. Locking rings can take several forms but are made of high gauge steel to ensure a tight secure fit. As with the bottom of a fiber drum, the locking apparatus for the lid of a fiber drum must be tight and secure to prevent spillage and leakage. The most common form of locking rings are the lever type with drilled holes that make it possible to padlock the drum.
Although fiber drums do not have the impact strength and durability of plastic or metal 55 gallon drums, they are popular due to their lightweight, inability to corrode or rust, and high endurance in certain conditions. Different types of lines are added that enable the drums to carry a wider spectrum of products, safely and securely. The main products that fiber drums carry are powders, granular materials, pharmaceuticals, and hazardous chemicals. They are inexpensive, reliable, and capable of transporting a wide range of products and materials.
The 55 gallon drums of the 19th Century have progressed rapidly to become an important staple of modern shipping from the transport of oil and fuel to the storage and movement of food ingredients and pharmaceuticals. What was once thought to be the foundation of oil production has become an essential component in material and substance handling.
Closed head drums are used for hazardous waste and are required to meet strict standards. They are tested to meet drop, stack, leak, hydrostatic, and vibration requirements as established by the United Nations. The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has four categories of hazardous waste.
Closed drums used for these purposes have to meet the EPA standards and requirements.
Open head drums are very popular, reliable, and are normally used for storage or shipping. They are designed for harsh conditions and constant use with the ability to survive the demands of shipping. Open head drops are highly durable and can be used indoors or outdoors depending on the job requirements. They come in a variety of colors and can be easily labeled for easy identification of the contents.
Open top plastic drums are made of high density polyethylene and have a removable lid or top that is locked in place by a metal ring using a nut and bolt or lever lock. Referred to as open head plastic drums, open top plastic drums are weather resistant, which makes them durable for storage or transport. They are ideal for the handling of hazardous materials, spill containment, and biomass disposal.
The types of open top plastic drums include ones with tapered sides as well as the normal straight side configuration. Of the various types of 55 gallon drums, plastic open top drums are recyclable and are widely used by the food and beverage industries.
Salvage drums are used to contain materials that are damaged, leaking, or not compliant with shipping regulations. They are designed with secure closures to ensure safe transport of damaged or potentially hazardous materials.
Overpack drums are used to contain packages or materials that are already sealed and compliant with safety and shipping regulations. They are designed to consolidate non-leaking packages and provide an additional layer of protection. Essentially, an overpack drum is a larger container that holds another sealed container inside.
The wine industry is increasingly adopting stainless steel drums for the development, fermentation, maturation, and storage of wine. New designs are being created to accommodate wine barrel racks.
Tapered-sided drums are lighter and easier to handle compared to other drum types. The tapered design facilitates nesting for convenient storage. Typically, 55-gallon tapered-sided drums are open-headed and available in various colors, with blue being the most common.
A rain barrel drum is designed to collect rainwater and features a vinyl hose, PVC couplings, and a screen to keep out debris. With a simple design, these barrels are easy to use and can be placed wherever rainwater accumulates. The basic rain barrel helps utilize soft rainwater, reduce reliance on public utilities, and promote self-sufficiency.
An emerging industry focuses on repurposing, reconditioning, and refurbishing discarded 55-gallon drums that are no longer suited for industrial use. Despite having outlived their original purpose, these drums remain sturdy and viable. The repurposing process involves a detailed series of steps to ensure that the drums can be safely used for other applications.
Steps to refurbishing 55 gallon drums:
Open-head drums can be placed in a furnace to burn off any residue, followed by a chemical spray cleaning similar to the process used for closed-head drums.
For open-head drums, the cover and sealing gasket should be checked for dents, bruises, creases, or other damage. Only the exterior of a closed-head drum can be inspected, with a focus on examining the welds on the top and bottom. Additionally, the bottom welds of open-head drums should be thoroughly inspected.
The interior of the drum should be coated with a rust inhibitor, epoxy coating, or another rust and corrosion-resistant material. To harden the interior coating, the drum can undergo a curing process. Once the interior coating is fully hardened and set, the exterior can be coated as the final step.
There are several benefits to using refurbished and reconditioned 55 gallon drums, the most important of which is saving them from being placed in a dump site. Refurbished 55 gallon drums are used for planters, rain barrels, compost bins, horse feeders, deer feeders, rodeo barrels, and flotation devices, to name a few. Drum manufacturers refurbish and recondition their products for resale to be used as storage and shipping containers.
The regulations for 55 gallon drums are both national and international since they are used to ship products around the world. The United Nations’ rating system was introduced in the 1990s when the Department of Transportation (DOT) adopted the Performance Oriented Packaging (POP) system. The concept for the UN system grew from the confusion created by the many shipping regulations used by different countries and growing international trade, which was not a significant problem until the middle of the 20th century.
The establishment of the UN rating system provided universally accepted regulations that made shipping between countries faster and less confusing. The codes identify the contents of a container and whether the materials being shipped are dangerous. The concise information protects workers from hazards, makes handling easier, and provides summary information.
The classification system for the United Nations consists of a series of letters and numbers that identify the type of container, its materials, and the substances that it can contain and additional information regarding the history and background of a container.
For a container to receive a rating, it is tested by a certified laboratory that identifies a container's capabilities based on a list of parameters. The main factors are the materials from which a container is made and what it can contain. The acceptance of the UN rating system provides companies that are receiving imports with valuable and easy to read information.
The rating system established by the United Nations is universal and makes a drum identifiable by any country in the world. It is a quick, convenient, and easy way for identifying which materials or substances a drum is certified to carry.
The packaging identification code of the UN rating system consists of two numbers and a letter with the first number identifying the package type, such as box, bag, or drum. The letter in the code indicates the material used to manufacture the packaging device, such as steel, wood, aluminum, or fiberwood. The second number, and final part of the code, lets handlers know if the packaging is open or closed headed.
Packaging Types
Material
Open or Closed Headed Codes
The packing group level identifies the hazard level of the packing using X, Y, and Z with X meaning high hazard level, Y medium, and Z low level. In addition, there is a specific gravity code that compares the contents to the density of water at a set temperature and pressure. This aspect of the code is for the shipment of liquids.
Packaging GroupSpecific Gravity
X1.2
The next indicator, the hydrostatic test pressure, is vapor pressure measured in kilopascals (kPa), which is a test that is required to receive a UN rating. This particular test is used for liquids and represented by a three digit number, such as 250.
Immediately after the hydrostatic test pressure are two digits that identify the year that the container was manufactured. This aspect of the identification process is critical in determining how long a drum has been in use and its age since certain packaging deteriorates rapidly as it ages.
The last two sections of the UN certification code identifies the country where a container was manufactured and the company that manufactured it. When a manufacturer receives a UN rating, they are given an identification code that consists of numbers and letters. This lets handlers know that a manufacturer has received UN approval and are approved for worldwide shipping.
RIPA is a trade association representing reconditioners, manufacturers, and distributors of reusable packaging products. The organization has established a code of practices regarding the operations of packaging reuse and recycling. The concept of RIPA is to improve the performance of the packaging industry. It is a founding member of the International Confederation of Container Reconditioners (ICCR), which is a world wide group of reconditioning companies.
IPANA represents industrial packaging manufacturers in North America. It works to increase the visibility of the packaging industry with emphasis on safe transport of goods. The basic aspects of IPANA is to promote and support member companies as well as provide information regarding the benefits of proper industrial packaging.
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