Die Casting
Die casting is a high pressure metal casting process that forces molten metal into a mold. It produces dimensionally accurate precision metal parts that have a flawless smooth finish...
Aluminum Casting: Processes and Benefits
Introduction
This article contains all the information you need to know about aluminum casting.
You will learn about topics such as:
- What is aluminum casting?
- Aluminum casting processes
- Aluminum alloys
- Benefits of aluminum casting
- And much more …
Chapter One – What is Aluminum Casting?
Aluminum casting is the process of pouring molten aluminum into specially crafted dies, molds, or forms to manufacture parts with high precision and superior quality. This highly effective method is perfect for producing intricate, complex, and highly detailed components that accurately adhere to the design specifications originally outlined.
Chapter Two – What are the advantages of reusable aluminum mold casting?
A common method for casting aluminum involves pouring molten aluminum into steel molds that are precision-engineered to ensure dimensional accuracy and a smooth surface. These reusable or permanent molds, typically made from steel or other high-melting-point metals, are designed to withstand the temperature of molten aluminum.
Reusable or permanent molds are ideal for high-volume production runs, as they can be used repeatedly. They allow for the creation of complex shapes and intricate designs with minimal labor costs and offer exceptional dimensional accuracy. Additionally, this casting process generates very little waste, which results in cost savings for manufacturers and their customers. However, the creation and tooling of these molds is labor-intensive, which can be a downside.
Permanent Mold Casting
One significant cost in aluminum permanent mold casting is the machining and shaping of the mold, which is typically made from gray iron or steel. The mold is crafted to match the geometric shape of the designed part, with the design specifications divided into two halves. During the injection process, these halves are tightly sealed to prevent air or contaminants from entering. The mold is preheated before the molten aluminum, which can be ladled, poured, or injected, is introduced.
After the aluminum is poured, the mold is allowed to cool, enabling the part to solidify. Once cooled, the part is quickly removed from the mold to avoid the formation of defects.
Although the process may appear straightforward, it is a scientifically and technically engineered method designed for high-volume production.
Die Casting
Die casting is a manufacturing process where molten aluminum is injected under high pressure into a precisely engineered mold. This method produces parts with exceptional accuracy and requires minimal finishing or machining. Due to its rapid nature, die casting is ideal for mass production of high-volume components.
There are two main types of die casting: hot chamber and cold chamber. The distinction lies in how the molten metal is introduced into the mold. In hot chamber die casting, the melting pot is directly connected to the die casting system, and a plunger forces the molten metal through a gooseneck into the mold. In cold chamber die casting, the melting pot is separate from the die casting system; the molten metal is ladled into a cold chamber and then forced into the mold by a plunger.
In the diagram below, hot chamber die casting is shown on the left, and cold chamber die casting is depicted on the right.
Vacuum Die Casting
Vacuum die casting utilizes an airtight bell housing equipped with a sprue opening at the bottom and a vacuum outlet at the top. The process begins by immersing the sprue below the molten aluminum's surface. A vacuum is then created in the receiver, establishing a pressure differential between the die cavity and the molten aluminum in the crucible.
This pressure differential causes the molten aluminum to flow upward through the sprue into the die cavity, where it solidifies. Once solidified, the die is removed from the receiver, opened, and the part is ejected.
By controlling the vacuum and the pressure differential between the die cavity and the molten aluminum, the fill rate can be precisely managed to meet part design and gating requirements. This control enhances the ability to ensure the soundness and quality of the finished part.
Submerging the sprue below the molten aluminum's surface ensures that the aluminum remains free from oxides and dross, resulting in parts that are clean and sound with minimal foreign materials.
Investment Casting
Investment casting, also known as lost wax casting, starts with injecting wax into a die to create a pattern of the finished product. The wax patterns are attached to a sprue to form a tree-like configuration. This assembly is then repeatedly dipped into a slurry, which forms a robust ceramic shell around the wax shapes.
Once the ceramic shell has hardened, it is heated in an autoclave to remove the wax. The shell is then preheated to the required temperature before molten aluminum is poured into the sprue. The aluminum flows through the runners and gates into the molds. After the aluminum has solidified, the ceramic shell is broken away, and the individual cast parts are separated from the tree.
Lost Foam Casting
The lost foam casting process is a variation of investment casting that uses polystyrene foam instead of wax. Patterns are molded from polystyrene and assembled in clusters, similar to the runners and sprues in traditional investment casting. Polystyrene beads are injected into heated aluminum molds under low pressure, with steam used to expand the foam and fill the cavities.
The pattern is then embedded in densely packed dry sand, which is compacted by vibration to remove any voids or air pockets. When molten aluminum is poured into the sand mold, the foam is burned away, leaving behind the formed casting.
Chapter Three - What is expendable aluminum mold casting?
Expendable aluminum casting refers to casting processes where the mold is not permanent and is destroyed when removing the cast part. It includes lost wax casting, sand casting, lost foam casting, and investment casting. When aluminum parts are cast using expendable molds, the mold is broken away from the hardened solidified metal. It is a cost effective method that can be used with a wide range of metals.
Expendable molds are generally made from less expensive materials and do not require the complex tooling needed for permanent molds. However, the trade-off is a reduction in accuracy and precision compared to permanent reusable molds.
Sand Casting
The sand casting process involves packing sand around a reusable pattern that defines the shape, details, and configuration of the final product. The pattern includes risers to allow the molten metal to be poured into the mold and to provide additional material during solidification, helping to prevent shrinkage porosity.
The pattern also features a sprue, which is used to insert the molten metal into the mold. To account for shrinkage during cooling, the pattern is made slightly larger than the final product. The sand is strong and stable enough to hold the shape of the pattern and resistant to interaction with the molten metal.
Investment Casting
Investment casting, also known as lost wax casting, starts with injecting wax into a die to create the pattern of the finished product. These wax patterns are then attached to a sprue, forming a tree-like configuration. The entire assembly is repeatedly dipped into a slurry to build a strong ceramic shell around the wax shapes.
Once the ceramic shell has hardened, it is heated in an autoclave to remove the wax. The shell is preheated to the desired temperature before molten aluminum is poured into the sprue, flowing through runners and gates into the molds. After the aluminum hardens, the ceramic shell is removed, and the tree of connected parts is separated and cut from the tree.
Lost Foam Casting
The lost foam casting process is a variation of investment casting that uses polystyrene foam instead of wax. Patterns are molded from polystyrene into a cluster assembly similar to the runners and sprues used in traditional investment casting. Polystyrene beads are injected into heated aluminum molds under low pressure, with steam added to expand the beads and fill the cavities.
The foam patterns are then placed in densely packed dry sand, which is vibration compacted to remove air pockets and ensure a solid mold. As molten aluminum is poured into the sand mold, it burns off the foam, leaving behind the casting in the desired shape.
Chapter Four- Who are the leading manufacturers of aluminum casting machines?
Aluminum casting is carried out using specialized equipment known as aluminum casting machines or systems. Below are five brands of these machines available in the United States and Canada, each with specific models and their distinct capabilities, features, or characteristics:
Bühler – Carat:
The Bühler Carat is a high-pressure die casting machine designed for aluminum castings. It offers a modular design with flexible configurations to meet specific casting requirements. The Carat features advanced control systems for precise process management, including automatic ladling, real-time quality control, and energy-efficient operation.
Toshiba Machine – DC-J Series:
The Toshiba Machine DC-J Series includes die casting machines suitable for aluminum. Known for their robust construction and high injection performance, these machines ensure efficient and accurate casting. They feature advanced hydraulic and control systems for consistent quality, along with real-time monitoring, automatic lubrication, and user-friendly programming interfaces.
Italpresse Gauss – Italpresse AL:
The Italpresse AL by Italpresse Gauss is designed for high productivity and flexibility in aluminum casting. This series includes both cold and hot chamber machines, equipped with advanced control systems and process optimization tools. Features include automatic die spraying, data logging, and energy-saving technologies.
LK Machinery – Evolution Series:
LK Machinery's Evolution Series offers robust and reliable die casting machines for aluminum applications. These machines are known for their high-performance hydraulic systems and advanced control tools for process optimization. Features include automatic ladling, real-time production data monitoring, and remote diagnostics capabilities.
Frech – DAK Series:
The Frech DAK Series consists of die casting machines specifically tailored for aluminum casting. These machines are modular and customizable to suit various casting needs. They incorporate advanced control systems and sensor technology for precise monitoring and process control, including automatic spraying, integrated process visualization, and energy-efficient operation.
Keep in mind that availability and specific models may change, so consulting manufacturers or authorized distributors is recommended for the most current information on models and features.
Leading Manufacturers and Suppliers
Chapter Five – Aluminum Alloys
Aluminum is the third most abundant element on Earth, following oxygen and silicon, and is the most prevalent metal. Extracting aluminum from the Earth's crust is more challenging compared to extracting iron or other metals due to the complex and intricate processes required.
Bauxite, a sedimentary rock containing 45% to 60% aluminum, is the primary ore from which aluminum is extracted. Historically, processing aluminum was difficult and costly, making it a rare and expensive metal. It wasn't until the end of the first industrial revolution that more efficient refining methods were developed, making aluminum more accessible.
While aluminum can be used in its pure form, it is often alloyed with other metals to enhance its properties or the properties of the other metals. These alloys offer improved performance for various applications.
Aluminum Alloys
Aluminum alloys are categorized into eight series, numbered from one to eight. The first digit(s) of the number indicate the primary alloying element combined with aluminum. For casting alloys, a decimal is placed between the third and fourth digits, with the fourth digit specifying the form of the product. Each alloy is also rated from one to five in categories such as crack resistance, corrosion resistance, finish quality, and joinability, with one being the best and five being the worst. For example, 1000 series alloys receive a rating of one across all categories, while 8000 series alloys receive a rating of five.
The following descriptions pertain to wrought aluminum alloys, which use a different grading system than casting alloys. Unlike casting alloys, wrought alloys do not include a decimal in their designation, which helps distinguish between the two grading methods.
1000 Series
The 1000 series consists of nearly pure aluminum, with a composition of 99% aluminum. This series is characterized by its softness and ductility, offering excellent workability. The 1000 series alloys can undergo extreme forming processes due to their slow hardening rate, and they are easily weldable and processable.
2000 Series
The 2000 series alloys are alloyed primarily with copper, containing between 2% and 10% copper along with small amounts of other elements. This alloying improves the strength and hardness of aluminum but decreases its ductility and corrosion resistance. The 2000 series alloys are challenging to weld but can be heat treated to enhance their properties.
3000 Series
The 3000 series alloys are primarily alloyed with manganese. This combination enhances corrosion resistance while providing moderate strength. Known for its heat treatability, the 3000 series offers low density, good plasticity, and excellent weldability. Additionally, it features high ductility and a very smooth finished surface.
4000 Series
The 4000 series alloys are alloyed with silicon, which lowers the melting point and improves fluidity. This makes it a popular choice for casting, as it is easy to form in its molten state. The 4000 series is also commonly used as a filler for welding and brazing applications.
5000 Series
The 5000 series alloys are alloyed with magnesium, which imparts exceptional tensile strength and formability. This series is classified as a high-strength alloy, particularly suited for sheet and plate applications due to its excellent weldability. Its resistance to corrosion from acids and alkalis makes it ideal for use in harsh and hostile environments.
6000 Series
The 6000 series alloys are alloyed with both magnesium and silicon, providing a balance of strength, mechanical properties, and corrosion resistance. Some variations of the 6000 series are combined with elements from the 4000 and 5000 series to further enhance their properties. Processing the 6000 series requires specialized and advanced equipment, which can be complex and costly. However, this series is known for its excellent corrosion and oxidation resistance, as well as its ease of coating, treatment, and workability.
7000 Series
The 7000 series aluminum alloys are the strongest and most durable among aluminum types, with strength comparable to about two-thirds of industrial-grade A3 steel. These alloys are known for their high hardness, excellent wear resistance, and good mechanical properties, making them ideal for high-stress applications such as aircraft components. Zinc is the primary alloying element in the 7000 series, enhancing the hardness of the aluminum, even though zinc's hardness is similar to that of aluminum on the Mohs scale.
8000 Series
The 8000 series aluminum alloys are primarily alloyed with tin, along with small amounts of copper and nickel. While these alloys offer lower strength compared to other series, they excel in machinability and wear resistance. The specific composition of the 8000 series can vary depending on the intended application of the product. This variation affects the metal’s temperature performance, density, and stiffness.
Choosing an Alloy to Fit an Application
One of the key advantages of using aluminum for casting is the ability to tailor its properties to meet specific requirements. For virtually any project, there is an aluminum alloy available that matches the necessary application criteria. It’s simply a matter of identifying the required characteristics.
When selecting the appropriate alloy for a particular application, the following list can serve as a useful guide for determining the necessary properties and characteristics.
- Corrosion Resistance – excellent in its natural state but changes when alloyed
- Heat Treating – reduces chemical segregation and improves workability
- Strength – measured by temper, yield, and tensile strength
- Formability – ability to undergo plastic deformation
- Machining – bendability, able to be drilled, resistant to low temperatures
- Weldability – thermal conductivity, solidification shrinkage, hydrogen solubility, oxide coating
The two charts below illustrate the differences between cast alloys and wrought alloys. Please note that series 600.X is not included in the cast alloy chart.
| Cast Aluminum Grades | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Grade | Alloys | Strength | Cracking | Corrosion Resistance | Finishing Capabilities | Weldability |
| 100.X | Unalloyed | Work Hardening | 1 | 3 | 5 | |
| 200.X | Cu | Heat Treatment | 4 | 4 | 1 To 3 | 2 To 4 |
| 300.X | Mg, Si, Cu | Work Harding | 1 | 1 | 1 | 3 |
| 400.X | Si | Undetermined | 4 | 1 | 1 | 3 |
| 500.X | Mg | Work Hardening | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 |
| 700.X | Zn | Heat Treatment | 1 | 4 | 3 | 1 |
| 800.X | Sn/ Tin, Cu, Ni | Heat Treatment | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 |
| Wrought Alloys Cast Aluminum Grades | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Grade | Alloys | Strength | Cracking | Corrosion Resistance | Finishing Capabilities | Weldability |
| 1000 | Unalloyed | Work Hardening | 1 | 1 | 3 | 5 |
| 2000 | Cu | Heat Treatment | 4 | 4 | 5 | 1 |
| 3000 | Mn | Work Hardening | 2 | 1 | 1 | 3 |
| 4000 | Si | Undetermined | 4 | 1 | 1 | 3 |
| 5000 | Mg | Work Hardening | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 |
| 6000 | Mg And Si | Heat Treatment | 3 | 2 | 2 | 2 |
| 7000 | Zn | Heat Treatment | 1 | 4 | 3 | 1 |
| 8000 | Sn/ Tin, Cu, Ni | Limited | - | - | - | - |
Chapter Six – How is aluminum casting used in industry?
Since the introduction of the Bayer and Hall-Héroult processes for refining aluminum, the metal has become essential in the production of a wide range of commercial and industrial products. Advances in these methods have enabled engineers and designers to rapidly incorporate aluminum into their designs due to its practicality and cost-effectiveness.
From aerospace applications to kitchen appliances, aluminum's diverse properties make it a reliable and durable material with a long service life. Its versatility allows it to be shaped and formed to meet various design requirements. Additionally, aluminum can be alloyed with over 270 different elements to further enhance its performance and benefits.
Industrial Use of Aluminum Casting
Aircraft Components
Since the end of World War II, the aerospace industry has depended heavily on aluminum, with the metal constituting approximately 80% of an aircraft's structure. Cast aluminum parts possess the essential properties and characteristics required by the industry. Aircraft manufacturers have achieved significant cost savings by utilizing cast aluminum components.
Automotive
With the growing emphasis on improving vehicle fuel efficiency, auto manufacturers are increasingly incorporating high-strength aluminum castings into their designs. In response, aluminum casting producers have been enhancing their methods and refining their techniques to streamline production and boost output while maintaining cost-effectiveness.
Automotive aluminum castings include components such as oil pumps, water pump housings, connectors, transmission parts, and various brackets. The durability and dependability of these cast parts make them essential for advancing vehicle design and performance.
Lighting
Aluminum cast lighting fixtures offer several advantages, including being non-toxic and lightweight. Their corrosion resistance makes them particularly well-suited for outdoor applications. Popular manufacturing processes for these fixtures include permanent mold and gravity casting, which facilitate working with lighter forms of aluminum and streamline production. Much like automotive components, casting aluminum for lighting fixtures is both cost-effective and efficient.
The versatility of aluminum casting processes allows for easy adaptation to various designs, providing the stability and characteristics needed for each application. The combination of ease of production, reduced weight, and exceptional durability contributes to the widespread popularity of aluminum cast lighting.
Agricultural Equipment
Aluminum cast parts used in agriculture share many requirements and specifications with those in the automotive industry, but they often demand greater strength and durability due to the harsh conditions and constant use encountered in agricultural machinery. Cost is also a significant consideration in agricultural production. Consequently, aluminum castings are commonly utilized for critical components such as crankcase housings, gearbox housings, and motor housings, offering both the necessary strength and cost efficiency.
Heatsinks
A heatsink's primary function is to dissipate heat from electronic components and devices. Aluminum cast heatsinks benefit from reduced machining requirements, which helps lower production costs and speeds up manufacturing. Additionally, features such as cooling fins can be integrated during the casting process, further enhancing production efficiency.
Aluminum cast heatsinks are electrically conductive, allowing them to be grounded effectively. They are often cast with integrated features that minimize the need for secondary operations, such as additional machining or assembly, leading to further cost savings.
Brackets
Aluminum casting is frequently used to manufacture brackets for both heavy-duty industrial equipment and household appliances. The process allows for near net shape production, eliminating the need for welding or additional assembly. The single-piece construction of aluminum brackets enhances their strength and durability, reducing the likelihood of failure. If holes are required, they can be included directly in the casting mold, minimizing the need for post-production finishing.
Golf Products
Manufacturers have increasingly adopted aluminum casting for golf equipment due to its durability, stability, and versatility in shaping. The aim is to provide players with high-quality equipment at a more affordable price. Golf products produced using this method include golf ball warmers, clubs, handles, and brackets.
Enclosures
Aluminum cast enclosures are ideal for protecting sensitive electronics in various environments. The natural shielding properties of aluminum against radio frequency interference (RFI) and electromagnetic interference (EMI) enhance their effectiveness. Additionally, the seamless construction of aluminum casting ensures a watertight seal, making the enclosures durable and resistant to diverse conditions.
The National Electrical Manufacturers Association (NEMA) sets the standards and specifications for cast aluminum enclosures. Producers must adhere to these requirements to ensure their products meet industry benchmarks and are market-ready.
Military
Aluminum casting is widely used to produce various parts and components for the military, all of which must meet stringent government specifications. The production and processing of these military parts are governed by detailed guidelines that outline the required material characteristics and properties. The specialized nature of military components presents a challenge to manufacturers, as each part demands precise engineering and meticulous attention to detail.
Below are descriptions of two unique military components.
Fire Suppression Housing
A fire suppression housing is designed to extinguish fires in armored vehicles, ensuring that the vehicle can withstand direct hits without compromising the safety of its occupants.
Missile Nose Piece
A missile nose piece, which is mounted at the tip of a missile, must be precisely cast to endure the G-forces generated during launch. The casting process is carefully monitored to ensure the nose piece is both pressure-tight and accurately engineered to meet strict specifications.
Chapter Seven – What are the benefits of aluminum casting?
Aluminum casting is favored by manufacturers for its numerous advantages. The exceptional surface finish, durability, and stability of cast aluminum parts make it a top choice for engineers designing new products. These qualities, along with the versatility of aluminum alloys, contribute to its widespread use in various applications.
Advancements in aluminum casting technology are continually evolving. Ongoing technical innovations are expanding the possibilities for manufacturing and design, offering new opportunities and improvements in the field.
Benefits of Aluminum Casting
Design
Aluminum casting can create parts of any size, shape, or configuration, from tiny electrical components to large transmission casings and clutch housings for automobiles. Each part is produced with high precision according to design specifications, requiring minimal finishing.
With aluminum casting, engineers can design components with confidence, knowing that the parts will meet performance expectations and maintain their integrity throughout assembly, disassembly, repair, and reprocessing.
Versatility
The extensive range of design possibilities offered by aluminum casting allows engineers to leverage its exceptional properties. This versatility enables the creation of custom and unique designs, turning imaginative concepts into reality.
Rate of Production
Manufacturers are continually seeking faster and more efficient production methods. Advances in computerization have heightened the demand for timely deliveries. Aluminum die casting has proven to meet and exceed these demands with its high-speed production capabilities, outperforming other alloys.
Strength
Aluminum cast parts are notable for their impressive strength-to-weight ratio, surpassing other metals and alloys. While lightweight, aluminum components possess the strength of steel, contributing to their durability and longevity—essential qualities for modern products.
Appearance
Despite their strength and lightweight nature, aluminum castings also offer an attractive appearance. In applications where visual appeal is important, aluminum castings maintain their aesthetic value without the need for additional adjustments or re-engineering.
Cost
Industries strive to reduce costs while maintaining high quality. Aluminum casting is a cost-effective choice due to its rapid production and minimal finishing requirements. The lower material costs and efficient production processes lead to savings that benefit both companies and consumers.
Corrosion Resistance
When exposed to air, aluminum castings form an oxidized surface that enhances their longevity and reliability. This natural oxidation process extends the lifespan of aluminum components, offering greater value to users.
Conclusion
- Aluminum casting is a method for producing high tolerance and high quality parts by pouring molten aluminum into a precisely designed and precision engineered die, mold, or form.
- A positive benefit of aluminum cast parts is the layer of aluminum oxide that forms immediately after the part is removed from the mold. The aluminum oxide layer provides a wall of protection against corrosion and rust.
- A typical method for casting aluminum is to pour molten aluminum into a steel mold that has been precision machined to ensure that the cast piece will have an exceptionally smooth and refined surface.
- In order to discuss the aluminum casting process, it is necessary to examine each of the different distinct methods and how they are used since there isn‘t just one process.
- Aluminum is the third most prevalent element on earth with oxygen and silicon being first and second respectively with aluminum being the most prevalent metal.
